Pf2e automatic bonus progression - This applies to all characters created in a game with the Automatic Bonus Progression variant rule active. Dragging a character from Actors that was created in a world that does not use that variant rule displays their strike bonuses correctly. ... Token Action HUD System: PF2e 1.4.13; System: PF2e; Foundry VTT: v11; Browser: MS Edge …

 
Physical Prowess. At 7th level, the character chooses one physical ability score ( Strength, Dexterity, or Constitution) to gain a permanent +2 enhancement bonus. At 12th level, this bonus increases to +4. At 13th level, the character chooses a second physical ability score to gain a permanent +2 enhancement bonus.. Life storage portland

One other thing is ABP gives deflection bonuses and enhancement bonuses to natural armor to account for Rings of Protection and Amulets of Natural Armor, but in my experience rarely do players ever invest heavily into such items as the bonuses granted for the GP cost isn't worth it + better items are used in those slots, so you almost ...ABP is kind of mixed. Like, getting rid of fundamental runes (+1 to this, extra die to that) is insanely helpful because it reduces the amount of administrative puttering without sacrificing player power progression, but skill-boosting and apex items tend to be bursting with flavor and super-fun extra effects.Unlike D&D or PF1, PF2 uses “degrees of success”. Understanding the math behind degrees of success and how that maps to your d20 rolls can offer helpful insights when considering the value of different bonuses and penalties. The possibility of critical success and critical failure further complicates this concept because a +1 bonus is more ...The initial implementation is fairly straightforward: the proficiency bonus just becomes +2 for trained, +4 for expert, +6 for master, and +8 for legendary. We recommend giving an untrained character a –2 proficiency modifier instead of a +0 proficiency bonus. Additionally, for creatures, hazards, magic items, and so on, reduce each statistic ... At 3rd level, choose a single skill. You gain a +1 potency bonus with that skill. At 6th level, choose a second skill to gain a +1 potency bonus. At 9th level, choose one of those skills and increase its potency bonus to +2. At 13th level, increase the potency bonus of your second skill to +2 and choose a third skill to gain a +1 potency bonus. Lastly, Skill Potency. Oh, Skill Potency. This is obviously subjective, but my players and I looked at this part and thought the same thing; this is a whole lot of words and things to keep track of that aren't on a normal character sheet. In fact, the entry for this part of the rule is longer by word count than all of the other parts of ABP ...Wands and staves can be good items for casters as well as scrolls. It frees up spell slots and gives them more flexibility, particularly for prepared casters. Just make sure to look at table 10-9 sensitive also means giving to many magic items will disrupt the balance. Compare your group's power to that of a group using the Automatic Bonus ...An Updated Class Progression Comparison Chart. So I love PF2e but one of the things I have struggled with is getting a good grasp of how classes and abilities compare across player choices. I found and saved a spreadsheet forever ago that someone did and I dont know their name BUT I loved the work and wanted to improve the information ...Note that wealth means a lot less if you untie it from magical stat boosts, armor/shield bonuses, save boosters, and +x weapon bonuses. If you apply a houserule that says that these sorts of bonuses are entirely unavailable, as opposed to simply being a waste of time, you have much more freedom to give large amounts of gold or valuable other loot.Though, it is most often not as important as with weapons/armor, skills still need those thresholds to be effective in the same way. Best Example would be demoralize. Without the item bonus you would be up to 3 points below the expected curve. Which means 15% lower chance to succeed or critical succeed. 4.My idea for house ruling how property runes work on ABP weapons and armor, is that any armor or weapons can have up to three property runes added in a specific order (at normal cost), and only those experienced/worthy enough (aka level) can activate those runes in the order they were added, up to a number of runes equal to their potency bonus ...Magic items that primarily give a +x variable item bonus with no other bonus are basically not magic items any longer. Magic items do get weird where a lot of the items that give +x bonus as their main strength with some secondary bonus (lifting belt) ONLY give the secondary effect. Which in my opinion pretty heavily skews the value of a lot of ...When to use Automatic Bonus Progression in PF1e? 1E GM Title. ... It throws off the value of a few spells (the bonuses from spells like Protection from Evil, Magic Vestment, etc can be thrown off, which has more impact for those who might get them as domain spells or mystery spells or whatnot), but the simplicity of the system is great ...This variant presents a change to the proficiency bonus system, scaling it differently for a style of game that’s outside the norm. This is a significant change to the system.<br /><br /> The proficiency rank progression in the <i>Core Rulebook</i> is designed for heroic fantasy games where heroes rise from humble origins to world-shattering strength.We are using Automatic Bonus Progression with property runes allowed. Adding property runes to weapons hasn't been a problem, I can add up to four and it works flawlessly. ... When posting, add a system tag to the title - [D&D5e] or [PF2e], for example. If you have already made a post, edit it, and mention the system at the top.Creativity, if mastered from long practice, can be applied to a number of fields that lie outside the arts. Creativity is the engine of progress in our modern society. A controvers...PF2e Automatic Rune Progression. Endorsements. 0. Installs. 0.23%. Comments. 0. Install Endorse Tags. Automation Enhancers; Latest version: 1.8.0: Minimum Core: 11.308: ... The module is no longer maintained and is now part of another module called PF2e Toolbelt. Subscribe. Login. Notify of . Please login to comment. 0 Comments . Inline ... My idea for house ruling how property runes work on ABP weapons and armor, is that any armor or weapons can have up to three property runes added in a specific order (at normal cost), and only those experienced/worthy enough (aka level) can activate those runes in the order they were added, up to a number of runes equal to their potency bonus ... With the auto scaling of esoteric lore, you'll end up with roughly the same success chance without any bonus anyways. For example, at level 1 with 18 charisma against a level 1 enemy, you succeed if you roll an 8 or better. At level 20 with 18 charisma against a level 20 enemy... you still succeed with an 8 or better thanks to the legendary ...Canada: Progressive Planet has secured a contract to supply its PozGlass recycled glass-based supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to Lafar... Indices Commodities Currencies...Hey folks, I'm starting up a new campaign soon and I'm using Automatic Bonus Progression among other variant rules and I'm wondering if you guys have any neat ideas for how to handle spells such as Magic Weapon, Shillelagh, and Magic Fang in that context. I took a crack at making heighten options to just keep doing +2/+3 weapons and the ...Staves and shields are the two items I think are "missing" from automatic bonus progression, so I generally give my spellcasters one "automatic" staff that progresses like a personal staff (with just an extra cantrip at 3rd level, kind of like a spellheart), and my shield blockers an "automatic" shield that progresses like a sturdy shield.Source Core Rulebook pg. 580 4.0. Four fundamental runes produce the most essential magic of protection and destruction: armor potency and resilient runes for armor, and weapon potency and striking runes for weapons. A potency rune is what makes a weapon a magic weapon or armor magic armor. An item can have only one fundamental rune of …Loot is not optional. The system not only expects players to have certain items at certain levels, it requires it to stay balanced. In 5e, magic items are fun for players but the math of the game doesn't require them. That is not true in PF2e. There is Automatic Bonus Progression which just puts these requirements into the base level scaling.Though, it is most often not as important as with weapons/armor, skills still need those thresholds to be effective in the same way. Best Example would be demoralize. Without the item bonus you would be up to 3 points below the expected curve. Which means 15% lower chance to succeed or critical succeed. 4.To hit a monster with AC 24 half the time, a characters needs an attack bonus of +14. That’s fairly easy to manage; a fighter, with a full BAB progression, already has a +10 and is likely to have a +4 to +6 bonus from her ability score, +2 from class features, and +2 from magic for a total bonus around +19. She hits on a 5, and her secondary ...- These variant rules: Free archetype, automatic bonus progression, ancestry paragon, and gradual ability boost. - Character will be played for levels 3-6 (start at 3, end at 6). ... In 5e you can get away with bad initiative but PF2e combat seems rather explosive and fast. So going first (or very high up) seems golden. ...As Much Wealth As Your GM Wants* The Adjusting Items and Treasure section of the Automatic Bonus Progression (ABP) rules say:. With this variant, you can ignore as much of Table 10–9: Party Treasure by Level from the Core Rulebook as you want, though you’ll usually want to provide consistent currency.The PF2e Playtest had this baked in to weapons having a quality factor which rhymed nicely with TEML for skills. This could easily be restored with "This expertly made shortsword has +1 to hit and 2d6 damage because it is well made and holds an edge very well". The GMG provides an optional rule called "Automatic Bonus Progression".I have used ABP in AoA and works fine. You just need to ignore the loot of fundamental runes and the objects that only give bonus to skills (if they do somethin else you can leave it there). It's not an Adventure Path, but I used an ABP Variant in Malevolence. The loot there is just atrocious. ARP is a tweak by the Foundry PF2e community to Automatic Bonus Progression where only the Potency, Striking, and Standard runes are automatically given to weapons and armor, which means item bonuses aren't removed. (the subject of this thread was going to be standard ABP, until I found out it removed item bonuses entirely) There is an option to turn it on in the variant rules menu (configure settings -> system settings -> variant rules). If you want more fine-grained control, the module pf2e-workbench allows to ignore certain item bonuses. Reply. Schrodingers_Cthulu. • 2 yr. ago.Staves and shields are the two items I think are "missing" from automatic bonus progression, so I generally give my spellcasters one "automatic" staff that progresses like a personal staff (with just an extra cantrip at 3rd level, kind of like a spellheart), and my shield blockers an "automatic" shield that progresses like a sturdy shield.I've decided to enable Automatic Bonus Progression for my current campaign. I just noticed however that the number of Property Runes you can equip to a weapon is directly tied to creature level as a result. ... [PF2e], for example. If you have already made a post, edit it, and mention the system at the top. Include the word Answered in any ...Here is page with differences between pf2e and 5e. Most newcomers get recommended to start with the Archives of Nethys (the official rule database) or the Beginner Box, ... If worried about them being underpowered, the automatic bonus progression rules handle this for you. Weapon potency, striking, armor potency, resilient runes, and skill ...A +1 Striking Shifting weapon would count as their level 6 item, not level 4, even though it has level 4 and 6 runes on it. Look up automatic bonus progression variant rule. Like any magical item, it all comes down to the level of the rune, and if it's not found in loot, the cost.Most habits are loops that we automatically repeat: a cue or trigger in our environment sets off our routine and the reward we get from the habit. Once we recognize this loop, we c... I've run several campaigns and one full Adventure Path to completion and I've always struggled with treasure. The amount of treasure to give at each level isn't the big deal, but just how many of those slots on the treasure table are chewed up by runes made the space for me to give players cool or interesting magic items feel very constricted. Advancement Table. SourceCore Rulebook pg. 68 4.0 This table summarizes the feats, skill increases, ability boosts, and other benefits your character gains as they advance in level. The first column of the class table indicates a level, and the second column lists each feature your character receives when they reach that level. The question about giving casters item bonus to spell attacks and DCs is almost always no. Automatic progression's goal is only to replace fundamental runes as a must-have treasure, that is all. People who use items benefit from it. I would say that actually casters benefit even more, because they are the ones ussually not investing in ... Unlike D&D or PF1, PF2 uses “degrees of success”. Understanding the math behind degrees of success and how that maps to your d20 rolls can offer helpful insights when considering the value of different bonuses and penalties. The possibility of critical success and critical failure further complicates this concept because a +1 bonus is more ...Automatic Bonus Progression variant rules and various item bonuses. Official PF2 Rules. Automatic Bonus Progression is quite fun variant rules, but I'm not sure, how it fits …Every character automatically gains the class features on Table 4–11: Automatic Bonus Progression. Table 4-11: Automatic Bonus Progression Level Benefits 1 — 2 Attack potency +1 3 Skill potency (one at +1) 4 Devastating attacks (two dice) 5 Defense potency +1 6 Skill potency (two at +1 each) 7 Perception potency +1 8 Saving throw potency +1 ...Start with the beginners box for the best intro to PF2e amd go from there but tone down the encounters just a little and don't forget that the players are supposed to heal to almost full inbetween encounters. ... And there's always Automatic Bonus Progression if you want to make magic items both less common and more impactful in your campaign ...I am still fairly new to running PF2e as a GM and I've been searching for some kind of reference for how much loot I should be giving my players in my campaign (Currently lvl 3). One idea I had was to look at the automatic bonus progression sheet and use that as a reference for the kind of weapons and armor runes they should have access to, but ...ARP is a tweak by the Foundry PF2e community to Automatic Bonus Progression where only the Potency, Striking, and Standard runes are automatically given to weapons and armor, which means item bonuses aren't removed. (the subject of this thread was going to be standard ABP, until I found out it removed item bonuses entirely) GMG Automatic Bonus Progression. Gamemastery. In 1e I used Automatic Bonus Progression a lot as it allowed me to give players cool magic items instead of the "big 6" that they would need to survive. Since 2e pretty much did away with most of the need for items for the sake of survival, I'm confused as to what the purpose of ABP in 2e is. In any case, due to apex items being baked into automatic bonus progression, the apex imbued properties shouldn’t be available. Reply reply ... This sounds pretty cool Stephen! I like how the system feels like it slots neatly into the design philosophy of PF2e. I pledged the book and Foundry addons and am looking forward to the final product :)Automatic bonus progression comparable to item bonuses? (GMG variant) Gamemastery. Currently perusing my GMG and I saw the this particular variant rule. Obviously the attack and defense bonuses make sense, however what's piqued my interest is the Skill Potency and Perception Potency abilities, and the specific rates that they grant their bonuses.Runes. Source GM Core pg. 224. Most magic weapons and armor gain their enhancements from potent eldritch runes etched into them. These runes allow for in-depth customization of items. Runes must be physically engraved on items through a special process to convey their effects. They take two forms: fundamental runes and property runes.Pathfinder has many types of checks, from skill checks to attack rolls to saving throws, but they all follow these basic steps. Roll a d20 and identify the modifiers, bonuses, and penalties that apply. Calculate the result. Compare the result to the difficulty class (DC). Determine the degree of success and the effect. 20. Skill/Perception. 3. 9. 17*. * This is also the minimum level for apex items. If your item includes item bonuses, check the table below for the minimum item levels the game’s math expects permanent bonuses to be applied to. A lower-level item might give such a bonus temporarily, but keep track to make sure the item isn’t effectively ... using the ABP variant rule, when characters hit level 3 they gain a +1 potency bonus to a skill. all skills have the "modifier" area under proficiency, were i can add the +1 potency. the exception is the lore skills, they doesn't have a modifier, and they are valid choices. TikaelSol added the feature request label on Nov 23, 2022.I'm looking into using ABP, but I'm wondering how players are supposed to apply the skill and saving throw potency bonuses on the character sheet? Thanks. Edit skill modifiers, add "Potency"-type bonus. To help the community answer your question, please read this post. When posting, add a system tag to the title - [D&D5e] or [PF2e], for example.It's just not true that archetypes get 2/3 slots (except druids) Besides, those percentages you list are multiplicative. 80% slots of 80% spell levels is 64% of casts, not 80%. 67% of 80% is about 50%, and 67% is an exaggeration. For an example, a level 9 Wizard gets access to 21 20 spell casts per day.The benefits of a career in paleontology range from an excellent career outlook to a challenging and rewarding daily life. Paleontologists have the chance to uncover artifacts that...Pet Simulator X is a popular virtual game where players can collect and upgrade pets to earn rewards. In this guide, we will explore how to maximize the value of your pets in Pet S... There is an option to turn it on in the variant rules menu (configure settings -> system settings -> variant rules). If you want more fine-grained control, the module pf2e-workbench allows to ignore certain item bonuses. Reply. Schrodingers_Cthulu. • 2 yr. ago. (Since making this video, the poll results have shifted. About one-third of the people on the Subreddit reported using some version of Automatic Bonus Progre...As Much Wealth As Your GM Wants* The Adjusting Items and Treasure section of the Automatic Bonus Progression (ABP) rules say:. With this variant, you can ignore as much of Table 10–9: Party Treasure by Level from the Core Rulebook as you want, though you’ll usually want to provide consistent currency.For a variant that's meant to simplify magic items progression, is this meant to compensate for magic items that would boost perception and other skills? I'm not against the idea, just a bit perplexed on the logic here. For context, I'm a fairly new PF2e player (less than 10 sessions playing a ranger) and have't DM'd yet.Here’s what you need to know about how to cancel your Progressive policy. Plus, the important things to keep in mind when switching car insurance providers. We may receive compensa...2E GM. I’m looking for a premade horror adventure for Pathfinder 2e, and the two I came across were Shadows at Sundown and an older one: Malevolence. Shadows at Sundown is my preferred choice at the moment, but since the text on the adventure’s page is mostly a plot hook and the reviews on the site are more people discussing the game than ...Automatic Bonus Progression (ABP) is a variant rule designed to make the players less reliant on magic items. You still need to give it gold, but the consequences will be less severe. There's also a popular homebrew alternative called Automatic Rune Progression (ARP), which is a middle ground of the default rules and ABP.Here is the body of the rules. Emphasis mine. Automatic Bonus Progression wrote: All characters gain the abilities listed on the table below when they reach the appropriate level. Decrease character wealth by level to half the normal amount. The automatic bonuses are often more beneficial than that reduction in wealth, but …The default theme for the Archives of Nethys, forged on the fires of CSS3. A variant of the Dark theme, with stronger color contrast. Light theme with purplish hues and a simpler font. The original alternate theme for the Archives of Nethys. A variant of the Light theme, based on the Rulebooks. AUTOMATIC BONUS PROGRESSION. This variant removes the item bonus to rolls and DCs usually provided by magic items (with the exception of armor’s item bonus) and replaces it with a new kind of bonus—potency—to reflect a character’s innate ability instead. In this variant, magic items, if they exist at all, can provide unique special ... Even with automatic bonus progression I still feel players will spend most their money on property runes for martials and a staff for casters. At first glance I cant really decide if it will feel better or worse than the base game rules. Main thing I feel is it would help with players for instead of looking for +1 skill items.Automatic Bonus Progression cares only about item bonuses, and since spellcasting does not have item bonuses, the table does not account for them. The wands, staffs, …Source Core Rulebook pg. 580 4.0. Four fundamental runes produce the most essential magic of protection and destruction: armor potency and resilient runes for armor, and weapon potency and striking runes for weapons. A potency rune is what makes a weapon a magic weapon or armor magic armor. An item can have only one fundamental rune of …Jul 20, 2020, 08:33 pm. Hi guys, I have a doubt regarding the ABP rules and I'd like to know what is the general consensus of them. Here is the body of the rules. Emphasis mine. …20. Skill/Perception. 3. 9. 17*. * This is also the minimum level for apex items. If your item includes item bonuses, check the table below for the minimum item levels the game’s math expects permanent bonuses to be applied to. A lower-level item might give such a bonus temporarily, but keep track to make sure the item isn’t effectively ...Edit: In fact, automatic bonus progression is the reason we've considered introducing Relics and Artifacts into our games. They're magic items that stick with the party and don't have to give mathematical bonuses to be impactful. Reply RussischerZar Game Master ...In foundry we have the automatic bonus progression optional rule applied. The Thaumaturge just found out out he cannot apply the bonus to skill to esoteric lore. ... Typically the skill bonuses are for the universal skills everyone has access to as it replicates the skill item bonuses on magic items. So it's likely intended Reply replyProficiency gives you a bonus that’s added when determining the following modifiers and statistics: AC, attack rolls, Perception, saving throws, skills, and the effectiveness of spells. If you’re untrained, your proficiency bonus is +0. If you’re trained, expert, master, or legendary, your proficiency bonus equals your level plus 2, 4, 6 ...Unchained Automatic Bonus Progression should be Core in PF2e. Prerelease Discussion: Search Thread Search this Thread: Xex : Apr 22, 2018, 01:23 pm ... those seem to be needed most of the time. That said, with only two or three items, an Automatic Bonus Progression system is a lot easier to set up. Fuzzypaws : Apr 22, … Automatic Bonus Progression. In order to face the dangers of the game, characters in the game normally need items that grant bonuses to their statistics. With this variant, characters instead gain those bonuses automatically as they increase in level, allowing them to use magic item slots for more interesting items. Though, it is most often not as important as with weapons/armor, skills still need those thresholds to be effective in the same way. Best Example would be demoralize. Without the item bonus you would be up to 3 points below the expected curve. Which means 15% lower chance to succeed or critical succeed. 4.We are using Automatic Bonus Progression with property runes allowed. Adding property runes to weapons hasn't been a problem, I can add up to four and it works flawlessly. But the option to add property runes to armor is not there, and I can't add an Armor Potency rune because we are using ABP. ARP is a tweak by the Foundry PF2e community to Automatic Bonus Progression where only the Potency, Striking, and Standard runes are automatically given to weapons and armor, which means item bonuses aren't removed. (the subject of this thread was going to be standard ABP, until I found out it removed item bonuses entirely) using the ABP variant rule, when characters hit level 3 they gain a +1 potency bonus to a skill. all skills have the "modifier" area under proficiency, were i can add the +1 potency. the exception is the lore skills, they doesn't have a modifier, and they are valid choices. TikaelSol added the feature request label on Nov 23, 2022.

ABP is kind of mixed. Like, getting rid of fundamental runes (+1 to this, extra die to that) is insanely helpful because it reduces the amount of administrative puttering without sacrificing player power progression, but skill-boosting and apex items tend to be bursting with flavor and super-fun extra effects. . Dave chappelle white lips

pf2e automatic bonus progression

For a variant that's meant to simplify magic items progression, is this meant to compensate for magic items that would boost perception and other skills? I'm not against the idea, just a bit perplexed on the logic here. For context, I'm a fairly new PF2e player (less than 10 sessions playing a ranger) and have't DM'd yet.Nov 23, 2022 · using the ABP variant rule, when characters hit level 3 they gain a +1 potency bonus to a skill. all skills have the "modifier" area under proficiency, were i can add the +1 potency. the exception is the lore skills, they doesn't have a modifier, and they are valid choices. TikaelSol added the feature request label on Nov 23, 2022. At low level, when you don't have any potency bonus from ABP (or potency runes from standard rules), Mage Armor still should exist. It does and should give a boost to AC that low level mages might need. So maybe allow the spell to still exist, but change its bonus type to be the Potency bonus that ABP gives.29 Apr 2022 ... ... PF2e campaign! https://discord.gg/bpyqxhwe8X ... PF2e campaign! / discord ... Pathfinder 2e's Automatic Bonus Progression variant is great!20 Jun 2023 ... ... PF2e play system, and chat with our ... Pathfinder 2e's Automatic Bonus Progression variant is great! ... PF2e Remastered: The Warpriest at Level 1. At 3rd level, choose a single skill. You gain a +1 potency bonus with that skill. At 6th level, choose a second skill to gain a +1 potency bonus. At 9th level, choose one of those skills and increase its potency bonus to +2. At 13th level, increase the potency bonus of your second skill to +2 and choose a third skill to gain a +1 potency bonus. Stealth checks against creatures outside the affected room. Diplomacy. Experimental Clothing. +1. 2. Adventuring Gear. No. At the GM's discretion, wearing experimental clothing may impart a +1 item bonus or –1 item penalty on checks to Make An Impression, depending on the target's fashion sense. Deception. A) The item bonus works as a potency bonus, and you have a total +2 potency bonus to your attack (or it just calculates potency bonus as item bonus, which would have the same effect) B) The item and potency bonus stack, so you have a total of +3 to hit. C) The item potency just doesn't work on your character, so you have a total of +1 to hit. AUTOMATIC BONUS PROGRESSION. This variant removes the item bonus to rolls and DCs usually provided by magic items (with the exception of armor’s item bonus) and replaces it with a new kind of bonus—potency—to reflect a character’s innate ability instead. In this variant, magic items, if they exist at all, can provide unique special ... I've heard good things about automatic bonus progression variant, and think it's a great idea for simplifying the need to search for and use downtime on runes. ... For context, I'm a fairly new PF2e player (less than 10 sessions playing a ranger) and have't DM'd yet. I'd be running some games, or possibly a short campaign, for my D&D 5e friendsAutomatic Bonus Progression Source Gamemastery Guide pg. 196 This variant removes the item bonus to rolls and DCs usually provided by magic items (with the exception of armor’s item bonus) and replaces it with a new kind of bonus—potency—to reflect a character’s innate ability instead. In this variant, magic items, if they exist at all ...I'd argue it's low magic that makes equipment feel more irrelevant since that's where things get interesting, but you can mitigate that by giving out Runes manually instead of them buying them. 17 votes, 38 comments. I recently started my first Pathfinder campaign in a low magic setting and the ABP rule keeps the math intact without the need….There is an option to turn it on in the variant rules menu (configure settings -> system settings -> variant rules). If you want more fine-grained control, the module pf2e …ABP replaces item bonuses with Potency bonuses inherent to the character whereas High Quality exchanges the source of Item bonuses from magic to non-magic, but still fundamentally tied to the item. It sounds like you want just ABP. Maybe ABP but no built in skill bonuses (a common variant of the variant). Reply. zytherian..

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